What are the reasons for the attenuation of optical fiber performance?

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What are the reasons for the attenuation of optical fiber performance?

What are the reasons for the attenuation of optical fiber performance?
The main factors that cause fiber attenuation are: intrinsic, bending, extrusion, impurities, non-uniformity and butt joint.
Intrinsic
Is the inherent loss of the fiber, including: Rayleigh scattering, inherent absorption, etc.
bending
When the fiber is bent, part of the light in the fiber will be lost due to scattering, resulting in loss.
extrusion
Loss caused by tiny bends in the fiber when it is squeezed.
impurities
Losses caused by impurities in the fiber that absorb and scatter light propagating in the fiber.
uneven
Loss due to non-uniform refractive index of the fiber material.
butt
The loss generated when the optical fibers are connected, such as: different axes (the coaxiality of single-mode fiber is required to be less than 0.8 μm), the end face is not perpendicular to the axis, the end face is not flat, the butt core diameter does not match, and the fusion quality is poor.
artificial attenuation
In actual work, it is sometimes necessary to perform artificial fiber attenuation, such as debugging optical power performance in optical communication systems, debugging calibration correction of optical fiber instruments, and optical fiber attenuators for optical fiber signal attenuation.